9.1.1 Draw and label plan diagrams to show the distribution of tissues in the stem and leaf of a dicotyledonous plant
Stem Tissue Leaf Tissue
9.1.2 Outline three differences between the structures of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants
Monocotyledons versus Dicotyledons
9.1.3 Explain the relationship between the distribution of tissues in the leaf and the function of these tissues
Upper Epidermis
- Function: Main function is water conservation (secretes cuticle to create a waxy outer boundary)
- Distribution: On top of leaves where light intensity and heat are greatest
Palisade Mesophyll
- Function: Main photosynthetic tissue (cells contains many chloroplasts)
- Distribution: Upper half of leaf where light intensity is greatest (upper epidermal cells are transparent)
Spongy Mesophyll
- Function: Main site of gas exchange (made of loosely packed cells with spaces)
- Distribution: Lower half of leaf, near the stomatal pores (where gases and water are exchanged with the atmosphere)
Vascular Tissue
- Function: Transport of water (xylem) and the products of photosynthesis (phloem)
- Distribution: Found in middle of leaf (allowing all cells optimal access)
9.1.4 Identify modifications of roots, stems and leaves for different functions: bulbs, stem tubers, storage roots and tendrils
- A storage organ is a part of a plant specifically modified to store energy (e.g. carbohydrates) or water
- They are usually found underground (better protection from herbivores) and may result from modifications to roots, stems or leaves:
- Storage roots: Modified roots that store water or food (e.g. carrots)
- Stem tubers: Horizontal underground stems that store carbohydrates (e.g. potato)
- Bulbs: Modified leaf bases (may be found as underground vertical shoots) that contain layers called scales (e.g. onion)
- Some plants (called succulents) have modified leaves or stems (thickened, fleshy and wax-covered) to enable water storage (e.g. cacti)
- Other plants (e.g. vines) have modifications to their leaf or stem to enable climbing support and attachment - these are called tendrils
Modifications to Plant Structure
9.1.5 State that dicotyledonous plants have apical and lateral meristems
- A meristem is a tissue in a plant consisting of undifferentiated cells (meristematic tissue) and are found in zones where growth can take place
- Meristematic cells are analogous to stem cells in animals, however have specific regions of growth and development (unlike stem cells)
- Dicotyledonous plants have apical and lateral meristems
9.1.6 Compare growth due to apical and lateral meristems in dicotyledonous plants
Similarities:
- Both are composed of totipotent cells (able to divide and differentiate)
- Both are found in dicotyledonous plants
Differences:
9.1.7 Explain the role of auxin in phototropism as an example of the control of plant growth
- Phototropism is the growing or turning of an organism in response to a unidirectional light source
- Auxins (e.g. IAA) are plant hormones that are produced by the tip of a shoot and mediate phototropism
- Auxin makes cells enlarge or grow and, in the shoot, are eradicated by light
- The accumulation of auxin on the shaded side of a plant causes this side only to lengthen, resulting in the shoot bending towards the light
- Auxin causes cell elongation by activating proton pumps that expel H+ ions from the cytoplasm to the cell wall
- The resultant decrease in pH within the cell wall causes cellulose fibres to loosen (by breaking the bonds that hold them together)
- This makes the cell wall flexible and capable of stretching when water influx promotes cell turgor
- Auxin can also alter gene expression to promote cell growth (via the upregulation of expansins)
The Role of Auxin in Phototropism
